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“疾病”与“生病”汉英对照
天有不测之风云,人有旦夕◥之祸福。人生在世,没有不生病的。生病乃人生最常见的痛苦,反映在语言上,与生病有关的词汇也特别多,英汉两种语言都至少有十几种之多。表达汉语中“疾病”一词的英语︻对应词,视其上下文有illness,sickness, disease, ailmemt, malady等。随着医学的发展,人类对疾□ 病的认识越来越深刻,疾〓病分类也越来越细。从构词法来分,英语中表疾病一词主要有三大类型:
1) 拉丁词词根构成的表达。在汉语中,病的名称通常都与身体部位有∑关,然而在英语中的许多疾病名称,乍看起来,往往与身体部位名称毫无相同之处,是因为其名称大多来自拉丁词根,举常见的炎←症为例,几乎所有的炎症英语名称都以-itis这一拉丁词后 缀结尾。现将汉●英用法比较如下:
耳、耳炎 ear,otitis
肾、肾炎 kidney,nephritis
鼻、鼻炎 nose,rhinitis
肝、肝炎 liver,hepatitis
牙、牙炎 tooth,odontitis
关节、关节炎 joint, arthritis
皮、皮炎 skin,dermatitis
胃、胃炎 stomach,gastritis
脑、脑炎 brain,encephalitis
何也有例外,如肺、肺炎lung,pneumonia。
2) 英语词根构成的表达。英语本族语中有许多从古沿用至今的表承疾病的词,如:
癌症cancer
破伤风tetanus
流感 influenza (or, flu)
发烧fever
麻疹 measles
腮腺炎mumps
百日咳 whooping cough
3) 合成型。英语中有〒不少疾病名称是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的,在这种合成的名词中,既有拉丁词根的,也有英语词根的,或是两者兼而有之,如:
伤寒 typhoid fever
心脏病 heart trouble / attack
胃溃疡 gastric ulcer
心力衰竭heart failure
禽流感bird flu
非典型性肺炎 atypical pneumonia (SARs)
细菌性食物中毒bacterial poisoning
高血压 high blood pressure (hypertension)
艾滋病 AIDS ( acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome)
4)弄清了汉英疾病的表达差异之后、再看下而“生病”一词常见的英语表达,它们与中文表★迖显然不同,翻译的时候要注↘意其不同之处:
a. to be( become) ill/sick with. . , /sickening for...; be taken ill. . . ; be attacked with...;
The boy is probably ill with a migraine (偏头疼)and he has become too ill to get up.
The patient on the left is sick with gall-stones (胆结石).
I think he is sickening for mumps (腮腺炎).
The old lady was taken ill through grief (with appendicitis阑尾炎).
b. to have /get /fall /feel some illness /to suffer from...
Mr. Johnson has acute pancreatitis (急性胰腺炎)
Tom got /has got typhoid (or fever)(伤寒).
I m afraid he has fallen ill with tubemiiosis (肺结核).
Her son felt ill /sick(想呕吐)this morning.
Many children fell ill from malnutrition (营养不良).
The old man suffered from an ailment (身体不适).
c. to catch /contract /develop /acquire /run / infect some illness
He has caught (a bad) cold.
The little girl has contracted cancer /snail fever (血吸虫病).
about 50% to 70% adults wlio acquired hepatitis A infection (甲肝病)
He developed jaundice (黄胆病).
Her husband was running a fever last night.
We all might be infectcd with measles (麻疹).
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d. Some illness seizes sb. (have a touch of …)
Apoplexy (中风)seized the old lady two years ago.
He has a touch of fever.